21 research outputs found
Evolutionary Dynamics of Cancer: Spatial and Heterogeneous Effects
Despite significant advances in the study of cancer and associated combination therapeutic treatments, cancer still remains one of the most common and complex often-terminal diseases. Acquisition of high-throughput experimental data from diverse cellular perspectives has thrown light on some of the regulatory mechanisms underlying the development of cancer. However, in general there is a lack of a general pattern and coherent model which can explain the development and evolution of the disease. To this end, evolutionary dynamics has been used, as a mathematical tool, in numerous studies to model various
aspects of cancer over time periods. Our main focus in this thesis is on the use of stochastic and statistic methods to study cellular interactions within cancer tissues in order to understand the role of spatial structure, heterogeneity, and the microenvironment in cancer development. By constructing multi-cellular structures and using both analytic calculations
and stochastic simulations, we have investigated the phenotypic hierarchy of stem cells within a heterogeneous system and in the presence of environmentally induced plasticity. Moreover, the effect of a random environment on the development of cancer has been explored in a general framework. As an important application of the multi-stage hierarchical model, the structure of the colonic/intestinal crypt has been taken into account to show the crucial role of these stem cells in the initiation and progression of colorectal/intestinal cancer. From an alternative viewpoint, we have envisaged the hierarchy of mutations as
an evolutionary mechanism in the context of acute myeloid leukemia and carried out a statistical analysis of genetic data. Our findings in this thesis are general and most likely have many implications across a wide array of fields including different blood and solid cancers, bacterial growth, drug resistance and social networks. Moreover, the introduced methods and analyses should have important applications in diverse branches of evolution, ecology, and population genetics
Phenotypic heterogeneity in modeling cancer evolution
The unwelcome evolution of malignancy during cancer progression emerges
through a selection process in a complex heterogeneous population structure. In
the present work, we investigate evolutionary dynamics in a phenotypically
heterogeneous population of stem cells (SCs) and their associated progenitors.
The fate of a malignant mutation is determined not only by overall stem cell
and differentiated cell growth rates but also differentiation and
dedifferentiation rates. We investigate the effect of such a complex population
structure on the evolution of malignant mutations. We derive exact analytic
results for the fixation probability of a mutant arising in each of the
subpopulations. The analytic results are in almost perfect agreement with the
numerical simulations. Moreover, a condition for evolutionary advantage of a
mutant cell versus the wild type population is given in the present study. We
also show that microenvironment-induced plasticity in invading mutants leads to
more aggressive mutants with higher fixation probability. Our model predicts
that decreasing polarity between stem and differentiated cells turnover would
raise the survivability of non-plastic mutants; while it would suppress the
development of malignancy for plastic mutants. We discuss our model in the
context of colorectal/intestinal cancer (at the epithelium). This novel
mathematical framework can be applied more generally to a variety of problems
concerning selection in heterogeneous populations, in other contexts such as
population genetics, and ecology.Comment: 28 pages, 7 figures, 2 table
Multidimensional simple waves in fully relativistic fluids
A special version of multi--dimensional simple waves given in [G. Boillat,
{\it J. Math. Phys.} {\bf 11}, 1482-3 (1970)] and [G.M. Webb, R. Ratkiewicz, M.
Brio and G.P. Zank, {\it J. Plasma Phys.} {\bf 59}, 417-460 (1998)] is employed
for fully relativistic fluid and plasma flows. Three essential modes: vortex,
entropy and sound modes are derived where each of them is different from its
nonrelativistic analogue. Vortex and entropy modes are formally solved in both
the laboratory frame and the wave frame (co-moving with the wave front) while
the sound mode is formally solved only in the wave frame at ultra-relativistic
temperatures. In addition, the surface which is the boundary between the
permitted and forbidden regions of the solution is introduced and determined.
Finally a symmetry analysis is performed for the vortex mode equation up to
both point and contact transformations. Fundamental invariants and a form of
general solutions of point transformations along with some specific examples
are also derived.Comment: 21 page